Updated geriatric cardiology guidelines of the brazilian society of cardiology ­ 2019 / Atualização das diretrizes em cardiogeriatria da sociedade brasileira de cardiologia ­ 2019

Development: The Department of Geriatric Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Departamento de Cardiogeriatria da Sociedade Brasileira da Cardiologia) and the Brazilian Geriatrics and Gerontology Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia). (AU)

C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain.

OBJECTIVE: To test immediate diagnostic and prognostic values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain (CP) without ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2003, 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER with CP suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (age = 64.9 +/- 14.3, men = 55%, diabetic = 18%, normal ECG = 84%). Serial CRP, creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determinations were performed on admission, in addition to serial ECG. CRP measurements were standardized (s-CRP) by the upper limit of normal (ULN) of the test used (3.0 mg/L for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and 0.1 mg/dL for titrated CRP [t-CRP]). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and their s-CRP values were 1.31 +/- 2.90 (median = 0.47) compared to 0.79 +/- 1.39 (0.30) in no-AMI patients (p = 0.031). The s-CRP > 1.0 showed 30% sensitivity and 80% specificity, plus negative and positive predictive values of 6.1% and 96.7%, respectively, for AMI diagnosis. There were forty in-hospital cardiac events (16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 acute myocardial infarction). In the first quartile of the s-CRP (< 0.10), three events were recorded, while in the fourth quartile (> 0.93) 15 events (p = 0.003) occurred. In the logistic regression model, masculine gender and s-CRP > 0.32 (odds ratio 7.6, 2.8 and 2.2, respectively) were independent predictors of cardiac events and left ventricular failure. CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain presenting at the emergency room, s-CRP was not a good marker of AMI, although this diagnosis is virtually excluded by a normal value; in addition, values one-third above the upper limit of normal (>1 mg/L for hs-CRP or >0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP) were predictive of in-hospital adverse cardiac events.

Importância da proteína C-reativa no diagnóstico e no prognóstico intra-hospitalar em pacientes com dor torácica na sala de emergência / C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain / C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain

OBJETIVO: Testar os valores diagnóstico e prognóstico imediatos da proteína C-reativa (PCR) nos pacientes admitidos na sala de emergência (SE) com dor torácica (DT) e sem elevação do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma (ECG). MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, 980 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos com DT suspeita de síndrome coronariana aguda na SE (idade = 64,9 ± 14,3 anos, homens = 55 por cento, diabéticos = 18 por cento, ECG normal = 84 por cento). Dosou-se a PCR na admissão, a creatinofosfoquinase MB fração massa (CKMB) e a troponina I seriadas, além de se registrar ECG seriados. As medidas da PCR foram padronizadas (PCR-p) pelo valor do limite superior da normalidade (LSN) do teste utilizado (3,0 mg/L para a PCR de alta sensibilidade-PCR-AS e 0,1 mg/dl para PCR titulada-PCR-t). RESULTADOS: Foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em 125 pacientes, e seus valores para a PCR-p foram 1,31 ± 2,90 (mediana = 0,47) versus 0,79 ± 1,39 (0,30) nos sem IAM (p = 0,031). A PCR-p > 1,0 apresentou sensibilidade de 30 por cento, especificidade de 80,4 por cento, valores preditivos positivo e negativo de 6,1 por cento e de 96,7 por cento, para o diagnóstico de IAM. Houve quarenta eventos cardíacos intra-hospitalares (óbitos = dezesseis, revascularizações de urgência = 22, IAM = dois). No 1° quartil da PCR-p (< 0,10) registraram-se três eventos, enquanto no 4° quartil (> 0,93) ocorreram quinze eventos (p = 0,003). Na regressão logística foram preditores independentes para eventos cardíacos a insuficiência ventricular esquerda, o sexo masculino e a PCR-p > 0,32, com razão de chances de 7,6, 2,8 e 2,2, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes atendidos com DT na SE, a PCR-p: 1) Não foi um bom marcador de IAM, apesar de um valor normal praticamente afastar esse diagnóstico; 2) Um valor superior a um terço do seu limite superior da normalidade (LSN) (>1 mg/L da PCR-AS ou >0,33 mg/dl da PCR-t) foi preditor de eventos cardíacos adversos intra-hospitalares.

OBJECTIVE: To test immediate diagnostic and prognostic values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain (CP) without ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2003, 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER with CP suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (age = 64.9 ± 14.3, men = 55 percent, diabetic = 18 percent, normal ECG = 84 percent). Serial CRP, creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determinations were performed on admission, in addition to serial ECG. CRP measurements were standardized (s-CRP) by the upper limit of normal (ULN) of the test used (3.0 mg/L for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and 0.1 mg/dL for titrated CRP [t-CRP]). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and their s-CRP values were 1.31 ± 2.90 (median = 0.47) compared to 0.79 ± 1.39 (0.30) in no-AMI patients (p = 0.031). The s-CRP > 1.0 showed 30 percent sensitivity and 80 percent specificity, plus negative and positive predictive values of 6.1 percent and 96.7 percent, respectively, for AMI diagnosis. There were forty in-hospital cardiac events (16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 acute myocardial infarction). In the first quartile of the s-CRP (< 0.10), three events were recorded, while in the fourth quartile (> 0.93) 15 events (p = 0.003) occurred. In the logistic regression model, masculine gender and s-CRP > 0.32 (odds ratio 7.6, 2.8 and 2.2, respectively) were independent predictors of cardiac events and left ventricular failure. CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain presenting at the emergency room, s-CRP was not a good marker of AMI, although this diagnosis is virtually excluded by a normal value; in addition, values one-third above the upper limit of normal (>1 mg/L for hs-CRP or >0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP) were predictive of in-hospital adverse cardiac events.

B-type natriuretic peptide: a novel early blood marker of acute myocardial infarction in patients with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation.

AIMS: This study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic value of admission B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with acute chest pain and no ST-segment elevation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective study with 631 consecutive patients was conducted in the emergency department. Non-ST elevation AMI was present in 72 patients and their median admission BNP level was significantly higher than in unstable angina and non-acute coronary syndrome patients. Sensitivity of admission BNP for AMI (cut-off value of 100 pg/mL) was significantly higher than creatine kinase-MB (CKMB) and troponin-I on admission (70.8 vs. 45.8 vs. 50.7%, respectively, P<0.0001) and specificity was 68.9%. Simultaneous use of these markers significantly improved sensitivity to 87.3% and the negative predictive value to 97.3%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, admission BNP was a significant independent predictor of AMI, even when CKMB and troponin-I were present in the model. CONCLUSION: BNP is a useful adjunct to standard cardiac markers in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation, particularly if initial CKMB and/or troponin-I are non-diagnostic.

Probability stratification and systematic diagnostic approach for chest pain patients in the emergency department.

Management of chest pain patients in the emergency department has been a dilemma because of difficulty in identifying those who can be immediately discharged and those who need to be hospitalized. We assessed the efficacy of a probability stratification model and a systematic diagnostic strategy in 1003 consecutive chest pain patients prospectively evaluated and stratified for acute coronary syndromes according to chest pain characteristics and admission electrocardiogram. Patients with no suspicion of acute coronary syndromes (n = 224) were immediately discharged, whereas those with very-high probability (n =119) were admitted to the coronary care unit. Remaining patients were evaluated in a Chest Pain Unit and investigated during a 9-hour period (intermediate-probability, n = 433) (route 2) and a 6-hour period (low-probability, n = 277) (route 3). Sensitivity and negative predictive value of chest pain type for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (94% and 97%, respectively) was much better than the admission electrocardiogram (49% and 86%, respectively) and admission creatine kinase-MB (46% and 86%, respectively). Serial creatine kinase-MB determinations ruled out acute myocardial infarction by the third-hour postadmission in all route 3 patients but only at the ninth-hour in route 2 patients. For patients with no ST-segment elevation, chest pain type was the strongest independent predictor of acute coronary syndromes. It is concluded that chest pain type is the best single diagnostic tool to rule in/out acute coronary syndromes on admission to the emergency department. Patients with suspicious chest pain must have serum creatine kinase-MB measurements up to 9 hours postadmission to rule out acute myocardial infarction.

Safety, feasibility, and results of exercise testing for stratifying patients with chest pain in the emergency room.

OBJECTIVE: To assess safety, feasibility, and the results of early exercise testing in patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit, in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out. METHODS: A study including 1060 consecutive patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit was carried out. Of them, 677 (64%) patients were eligible for exercise testing, but only 268 (40%) underwent the test. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients studied was 51.7 12.1 years, and 188 (70%) were males. Twenty-eight (10%) patients had a previous history of coronary artery disease, 244 (91%) had a normal or unspecific electrocardiogram, and 150 (56%) underwent exercise testing within a 12-hour interval. The results of the exercise test in the latter group were as follows: 34 (13%) were positive, 191 (71%) were negative, and 43 (16%) were inconclusive. In the group of patients with a positive exercise test, 21 (62%) underwent coronary angiography, 11 underwent angioplasty, and 2 underwent myocardial revascularization. In a univariate analysis, type A/B chest pain (definitely/probably anginal) (p<0.0001), previous coronary artery disease (p<0.0001), and route 2 (patients at higher risk) correlated with a positive or inconclusive test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain and in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out, the exercise test proved to be feasible, safe, and well tolerated.

Segurança, factibilidade e resultados do teste ergométrico na estratificação de pacientes com dor torácica na sala de emergência / Safety, feasibility, and results of exercise testing for stratifying patients with chest pain in the emergency room

OBJECTIVE: To assess safety, feasibility, and the results of early exercise testing in patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit, in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out. METHODS: A study including 1060 consecutive patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit was carried out. Of them, 677 (64 percent) patients were eligible for exercise testing, but only 268 (40 percent) underwent the test. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients studied was 51.7±12.1 years, and 188 (70 percent) were males. Twenty-eight (10 percent) patients had a previous history of coronary artery disease, 244 (91 percent) had a normal or unspecific electrocardiogram, and 150 (56 percent) underwent exercise testing within a 12-hour interval. The results of the exercise test in the latter group were as follows: 34 (13 percent) were positive, 191 (71 percent) were negative, and 43 (16 percent) were inconclusive. In the group of patients with a positive exercise test, 21 (62 percent) underwent coronary angiography, 11 underwent angioplasty, and 2 underwent myocardial revascularization. In a univariate analysis, type A/B chest pain (definitely/probably anginal) (p<0.0001), previous coronary artery disease (p<0.0001), and route 2 (patients at higher risk) correlated with a positive or inconclusive test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain and in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out, the exercise test proved to be feasible, safe, and well tolerated

Eficácia de uma estratégia diagnóstica para pacientes com dor torácica e sem supradesnível do segmento ST na sala de emergência / Efficacy of a diagnostic strategy for patients with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation in the emergency room

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a systematic model of care for patients with chest pain and no ST segment elevation in the emergency room. METHODS: From 1003 patients submitted to an algorithm diagnostic investigation by probability of acute ischemic syndrome. We analyzed 600 ones with no elevation of ST segment, then enrolled to diagnostic routes of median (route 2) and low probability (route 3) to ischemic syndrome. RESULTS: In route 2 we found 17 per cent acute myocardial infarction and 43 per cent unstable angina, whereas in route 3 the rates were 2 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively. Patients with normal/non--specific ECG had 6 per cent probability of AMI whereas in those with negative first CKMB it was 7 per cent; the association of the 2 data only reduced it to 4 per cent. In patients in route 2 the diagnosis of AMI could only be ruled out with serial CKMB measurement up to 9 hours, while in route 3 it could be done in up to 3 hours. Thus, sensitivity and negative predictive value of admission CKMB for AMI were 52 per cent and 93 per cent, respectively. About one-half of patients with unstable angina did not disclose objective ischemic changes on admission. CONCLUSION: The use of a systematic model of care in patients with chest pain offers the opportunity of hindering inappropriate release of patients with ACI and reduces unnecessary admissions. However some patients even with normal ECG should not be released based on a negative first CKMB. Serial measurement of CKMB up to 9 hours is necessary in patients with medium probability of AMI.

Dor torácica na sala de emergência: a importância de uma abordagem sistematizada / Chest pain in the emergency room: importance of a systematic approach

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of a systematic diagnostic approach in patients with chest pain in the emergency room in relation to the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the rate of hospitalization in high-cost units. METHODS: One thousand and three consecutive patients with chest pain were screened according to a pre-established process of diagnostic investigation based on the pre-test probability of ACS determinate by chest pain type and ECG changes. RESULTS: Of the 1003 patients, 224 were immediately discharged home because of no suspicion of ACS (route 5) and 119 were immediately transferred to the coronary care united because of ST elevation or left bundle-branch block (LBBB) (route 1) (74 per cent of these had a final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction [AMI]). Of the 660 patients that remained in the emergency room under observation, 77 (12 per cent) had AMI without ST segment elevation and 202 (31 per cent) had unstable angina (UA). In route 2 (high probability of ACS) 17 per cent of patients had AMI and 43 per cent had UA, whereas in route 3 (low probability) 2 per cent had AMI and 7 per cent had UA. The admission ECG has been confirmed as a poor sensitivity test for the diagnosis of AMI ( 49 per cent), with a positive predictive value considered only satisfactory (79 per cent). CONCLUSION : A systematic diagnostic strategy, as used in this study, is essential in managing patients with chest pain in the emergency room in order to obtain high diagnostic accuracy, lower cost, and optimization of the use of coronary care unit beds.